The Mall Of America By David Guterson Essay - 1680 Words

In â€Å"Enclosed. Encyclopedic. Endured: The Mall of America,† David Guterson’s description concerning the Mall of America researches into numerous surfaces that are entrenched throughout the mall both physically and psychologically. David Guterson claims that the Mall is a psychological impact on the applicants inside. He makes this claim through his portrayals of the shopping mall’s: exterior and interior environment, the people he interviews, and the malls many titles. A vivid depiction about the mall’s †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. around it gives the audience the impression of already visiting the mall. The press kit contained a array of details concerning the mall: 140,000 hot dogs sold each week, 10,000 permanent jobs, 44 escalators and 17 elevators, 12,750 parking places, 13,300 short tons of steel, $1 million in cash disbursed weekly from 8 automatic-teller machines. Guterson also writes about how individuals are effected psychologically by this metropolis. Opened in the summer of 1992, the mall was built on the 78-acre site of the former Metropolitan Stadium, a five-minute drive from the Minneapolis–St. Paul International Airport. With 4.2 million square feet of floor space—including twenty-two times the retail footage of the average American shopping center—the Mall of America was the largest fully enclosed combination retail and family entertainment complex in the United States. Shoppers are drawn to visit because of all the modern frills contained within. A theme park, arcade,Show MoreRelatedThe Mall of America: Destroying Life Long Values with Materialism1103 Words   |  5 PagesEndured: the Mall of America.† David Guterson shares his experience of the Mall of America as it opened and its effects of the American culture. From sharing statistics about the amount of jobs available, the number of parking spots, or how much cash is dispersed each week from just the ATMs; Guterson allows readers to feel the massive scale of the mall. He shares stories of the people he met and his own views on the mall, and what it says about America and its people’s values. Guterson makes it clearRead MoreThe Mall in America Essay1492 Words   |  6 PagesTHE MALL IN AMERICA Whenever we go out shopping or relaxing at malls, we actually don’t see or recognize any effects of malls as we mostly go there for these two reasons. Malls are an integral part in the lives of America. They are shopping centers that have created a lot of buzz in many writers. This is because we have more malls in America than high schools. Malls have received praises from people like James J. Farrell, Jon Pahl and George Lewis who view malls as not only shopping centers but

The Head vs. the Heart Free Essays

The Head Vs.. The Heart The sounds of tools and chains clink and Jingle not too far off Slaves are in the fenced off field picking the soft cotton from the dry earth. We will write a custom essay sample on The Head vs. the Heart or any similar topic only for you Order Now The dust coming from the path that leads from the big, white house to the field gets picked up in gusts of wind making them squint their eyes. The owners of the house are chatting and laughing on their dusty porch sipping on their tea while their children play tag and hide-and-go-seek with each other on the grass below. The sun Is beating down on them with Intermittent periods of shade from the passing clouds blocking the suns harsh rays. To the left, there Lies the Millponds river. The water calmly passes by. Carrying branches and logs that slowly drift down the river passing quacking ducks swimming to keep from the heat. Hanging over the cool, dark water are willow trees that one could lie under peacefully in the shade. It is quiet there and is the perfect place to unwind and forget all the worries of the day. This mixed setting is something that is easily seen in Mark Twain’s book, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Huckleberry Finn does not need d quiet place Eke that to get to thinking about his day, his upcoming decisions, his past choices, and his life In general. He constantly thinks about what Is right and what Is wrong, but In his society, there are often conflicting answers, the things his head tells him to do, which Is what society tells him, and the things that his heart tells him, the Ramirez 2 things that he believes to be right. Mark Twain satires d society that forces d child to go to hell† In order to do what Is morally right. Husks caretakers wanted Heck to be well educated, go to church, and learn about the bell_ Ironically, he never found anything interesting. When the Widow Douglas tried to â€Å"learned [Ã'›_him] about Moses and the Bulrushes and [†¦ He] was in a sweat to find out all about him,† he found out â€Å"that Moses had been a considerable long time, so then [†¦ He] didn’t care no more about him because [†¦ He] don’t take no stock in dead people† (cal). Heck wanted to learn about religion, but he could never bring himself too it because of his lack of Interest. He also did not believe In It because Miss Watson told him that whatever he prayed for, he would get. â€Å"But It warrant so. [†¦ Hell tried It. [†¦ Hell tried for the hooks three or four runes, but somehow [†¦ Hell couldn’t make It work† (chi). Heck viewed the slaves In a different light. He did not Just see them as objects to be owned and sold. He knew he could not do whatever he pleased with them because to him, unlike the majority of socio’, they were actual people with feelings and emotions. When Jim ran way from Miss Watson, even though Heck knew him to be â€Å"most ruined for a servant, because he got stuck up on account of having seen the devil and been rode by witches† (chi en still gave him a chance and treated m as t en were anyone else to go along with him on his adventures. He believes what he is told until he finds that it actually is not the case. Even though the rest of society wanted him to and would have turned Jim in, Husks kind heart told him that the people were wrong and to do what he thought was morally right. Authority was also a challenge for young Huckleberry. He disobeys his father which is a young boys largest role model as well as authority figure. Pap tells him to â€Å"look here–mind Ramirez 3 how [†¦ Heck] talks to [†¦ Him]; [†¦ He is] a-standing about all [†¦ He] can stand now– so don’t game no sass† (chi) because Heck wan not giving his father the respect that he deserved. When Heck ran away, he knew he was going against his father’s wishes, but did not care that he was going against authority because he was following what his heart was telling him to do. Throughout the book, Heck knows what is right and hat is wrong according to the world he lives in, but according to him, â€Å"What’s the use you learning to do right, when it’s troublesome to do right and anti no trouble to do wrong, and the wages is Just the same? † (chic). It was difficult in that time period to distinguish the difference between true right and wrong, but Heck broke the standard and questioned what he knew in order to do what he found to be the truly right way. Works Cited Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. De. Thomas Nash. New York: Penguin, Ltd. , 1985. Print How to cite The Head vs. the Heart, Papers

Netflix, Inc. Essay Sample free essay sample

Netflix. Inc. is a company that has been around since 1997. While it started with a system of mail-order DVDs. it has grown into a mammoth imperium and has stood its land against rivals like Blockbuster. Walmart and Amazon. While the corporate central office employs about 900 people. Netflix besides has distribution centres all over the state. Netflix has come a long ways from where it started back in 1997. With more than 27 million clients in the United States. Canada. Latin America. the United Kingdom and Ireland ( Netflix Company Facts. 2012 ) . Netflix has proven that they are a force to be reckoned with. In this paper. we will analyze some of the single behaviours. the motive. teamwork. communicating and organisations alterations that Netflix has experienced in its rise to illustriousness. When you think of DVD leases. you by and large think of a picture shop or possibly an on-line seller. Back when I was turning up. heading to Blockbuster on a Friday dark was the prototype of everything that was cool. I got to shop through all the films and choice which latest releases I wanted to watch. Blockbuster was merely approximately 18 blocks off. so the thrust was speedy. Nowadays. our society has grown into one of instant convenience. Peoples have grown lazy and acquiring in the auto to drive to the nearest picture rental shop is excessively much. Or worse. if people drum up the energy to travel and lease a film. they seldom may hold the energy to return the film seasonably. therefore incurring late fees. Enter Netflix. One of the greatest draws of Netflix is the fact that they do non hold any late fees. You are able to lease a DVD online and have it shipped to your house. frequently within one concern twenty-four hours. You so can maintain that film for every bit long as you want without holding to worry approximately late fees. What an astonishing construct for those who are more on the lazy side of life! The Netflix instance every bit presented in Griffin A ; Moorhead’s book â€Å"Organizational Behavior† is surely intriguing. It provides us with the narrative of a company that started with a simple thought and has turned it into one of the most recognizable companies in the United States. and rather shortly to be the universe. Netflix started with the fresh thought of â€Å"people do non like to pay late fees† . So why non hold a company who would bear down a standard traveling rate per month for films that they could maintain for every bit long as they wanted without holdi ng to be concerned with the impression of late fees? CEO Reed Hastings came up with this program after enduring a reasonably monstrous late fee of his ain from Blockbuster. As the company began to take off. there were surely points that were of mass entreaty to the populace. Mr. Hastings realized that his client base was all about convenience: non holding to acquire off the sofa to lease a film. non holding to worry approximately late fees or due day of the months. and being able to put up your ain â€Å"queue† were all things that clients thought added value to their lives. As Netflix began to turn and boom. its effects were decidedly felt on their competition. Blockbuster began experiencing the effects and their concern started to endure badly. For financial 2008. Blockbuster’s grosss were $ 700 million less than they had been in 2003. while grosss at Netflix were more than $ 1 billion higher. A twelvemonth subsequently. Blockbuster reported losingss of about $ 200 million for financial 2009†¦in other words. Netflix is worth more than 100 times what Blockbuster is deserving ( Griffin A ; Moorhead. 2012. 2010 ) . Blockbuster did derive some land in their battle against Netflix when it began offering Blockbuster Total Access. which â €Å"replaced its late-fee policy with a plan†¦involving grace periods. automatic purchase payments. and restocking fees† ( Griffin A ; Moorhead. 2012. 2010 ) . While that helped Blockbuster out in the short-run. Netflix still continued to derive land in the movie-renting sphere and as of 2010. the organisation had more than 16 million endorsers and expected grosss of over $ 2 billion ( Griffin A ; Moorhead. 2012. 2010 ) . Meanwhile. Blockbuster is still in concern. nevertheless. non about every bit profitable as Netflix. Some may name it â€Å"too small excessively late† in the fact that Blockbuster does offer really similar services as Netflix. but Netflix was the pioneer and many people jumped on the Netflix bandwagon and are excessively satisfied with their service to see exchanging to another company. So how did Netflix acquire to where it is at today? Surely they are reading their customer’s demands right. We live in a society of convenience and people do non desire to be bothered to run out and pick up a film. They would instead remain in the comfort of their place and Netflix is providing to that desire rather nicely. â€Å"According to the company. some 96 % of clients snaping around the site receive their films the following day† ( Kolakowski. 2008 ) . That is rather an impressive statistic for the company. Bing able to form what you want to watch by run alonging up DVDs in your â€Å"queue† gives clients a sense of power and control. By â€Å"queuing† up the films or Television shows that you want to see. Netflix will automatically direct you the following phonograph record on your list once you return a DVD. It takes all the believing out of what you want to see following because you have already done the research and lined it up for yourself. Another country that Netflix is stand outing is video on demand or Netflix Streaming. If the client has the proper equipment. they are able to download and stream films straight to their device. These devices could be a computing machine. smart phone. tablet. or bet oning system. The modern consumer usually would hold one if non more of those devices and therefore can entree Netflix from a assortment of topographic points that would be convenient. Netflix Streaming is providin g to a crowd of technologically savvy persons in our ever-demanding universe of â€Å"get it now† . So how has single behaviours in Netflix contributed to its success? Let us look at the human side of this immense company. How does Netflix really map behind the ruddy envelope? Traveling through the description of the DVD Inspector provided in our text may take most people to believe that the occupation is an improbably deadening yet nerve-racking manner to do a life. One must be really speedy. thorough and accurate in order to run into the outlooks of the company. As the occupation is extremely insistent and fast-paced. your mean Joe may non cut the mustard. Person who works as a DVD Inspector must hold high attending to detail. ability to concentrate intently on the undertaking at manus. be willing to work independently. be physically able to maintain up with the insistent demands and maintain socialisation down to a bare lower limit. One might believe that this occupation would be best suited to person who is quiet and diffident ; so as non to be distracted by other employee’s idle yak. One might besides believe that this occupation should be filled by person who is extremely competitory as DVD reviews must keep a minimal figure per hr. In all honestness. a sensible individual for this occupation may be one who is quiet yet competitory. diligent. detail- and accuracy-oriented with a positive attitude that is willing to set in the clip an d attempt to seek and travel up in the company. Clearly. a DVD inspector is person who recognizes that the place is meant as an entry-level place. The anon. inspector in the book advised that the occupation can acquire rather deadening and one can experience reasonably isolated as interaction with other associates is kept to a lower limit. So what stairss could Netflix take to better the attitudes of their inspectors? Harmonizing to the inspector: †¦employees get 40-hour workweeks and full medical benefits. They can besides ear every bit much as $ 31. 000 a twelvemonth and $ 34. 000 if they move up to the occupation of quality inspector. One a new employee successfully passes a three-month probation period. he or she besides receives a free Netflix subscription and a free DVD participant ( Griffin A ; Moorhead. 2012. 2010 ) . Those sound like pretty nice inducements given the occupation is what it is. I am non certain what more could be done to better the attitudes of the inspectors. Full medical benefits along with 40-hour work hebdomads speak volumes in today’s economic system. Many people would be thrilled with those fringe benefits and some people even welcome the mindless. insistent environment that a DVD inspector would populate in. One thing that Netflix could make in respects to their work design would be to hold a kind of townhall meeting with its employees to inquire them how to hike morale. It may be that something like supplying breakfast or tiffin one time a hebdomad. or holding a less rigorous frock codification or implementing a kind of brother system on the floor. or flexible hours may be something that satiates some of the more dissatisfied DVD inspectors. While Netflix direction may believe that offering a free subscription or DVD participant may function to hike morale. it is of import to listen to their employees to see what they truly would happen valuable. The DVD inspectors surely have their work cut out for them. as humdrum and deadening as it may look. The anon. inspector advised that â€Å"veteran inspectors are expected to treat a lower limit of 650 phonograph records an hour† ( Griffin A ; Moorhead. 2012. 2010 ) . The end product of production by these DVD inspectors is really closely monitored by their computing machines. Many of the Netflix distribution installations are in to a great extent populated country and demand is high. so the company must be certain that their employees are maintaining up. So for what may look like a thankless. humdrum and headless occupation. what is the motive for an inspector to maintain doing rate? Well. the three month grade reappraisal can surely be a motivative factor for some. The impression of acquiring a rise or a free DVD participant can be adequate to promote employees to make the best they can at their occupation. â€Å"Motivation factors are intrinsic to the work itself and include factors such as accomplishment and recognition† ( Griffin A ; Moorhead. 2012. 2010 ) . These types of factors can include a need-based theory of motive. a process-based theory or a learning-based theory. Given the description of the occupation. it would look that the company uses chiefly a needs-based motivational system. Worlds have an built-in demand to accomplish the most they can out of life and their callings. By giving them short-run ends. such as the three month probation periods. a good wage and full medical benefits. Netflix is fulfilling their employee’s needs to keep a stable occupation which provides the employee with the nutriment they need for a piece. Given that the occupation is improbably fast-paced and insistent. I expect that the company would necessitate to better on their needs-based motive procedure as some worlds. regardless of whether or non they have a good occupation. necessitate to be stimulated mentally and challenged to larn new accomplishments. At the terminal of the three month probation period. there is the chance for promotion. nevertheless. I would wish to see more cross-training among the different sections. For some. seeing a different occupation that they are interested in larning more about – that desire will fuel motive in people to go on to stop up off at their current place. no affair how drab or brainless. It is the visible radiation at the terminal of the tunnel: the possibility that in the hereafter. they could be in a different place more to that person’s wishing. Motivation like that would be a authoritative definition of the anticipation theory â€Å"suggest [ ing ] that people are mo tivated by how much they want something and the likeliness they perceive of acquiring it† ( Griffin A ; Moorhead. 2012. 2010 ) . Organizational behaviour alteration â€Å"is the application of support theory to people in organisational settings† ( Griffin A ; Moorhead. 2012. 2010 ) . Or. as defined in another manner. organisation behaviour alteration is â€Å"A motivational theory proposing that an person will act in a mode that helps him or her avoid possible negative results and achieve agreeable outcomes† ( Organizational Behavior Modification Theory. 2012 ) . This theory has several different stairss involved: place performance-related behavioural events. find the baseline of the frequence of response. place bing behavioural eventualities through functional analysis. develop intercession schemes and use them. and so mensurate the response ( Griffin A ; Moorhead. 2012. 2010 ) . So would this theoretical account be of any aid for Netflix? Possibly. but improbable if the people being examined are the entry-level DVD inspectors. Because that occupation description leaves really small for the employee to stand out in. it would be hard to place behaviours. develop intercession schemes and implement them. Either the employee does a good occupation or they do non. I feel that at higher degrees within the company the organisational behaviour alteration would be of great usage. Now team work is something that does non truly seem to be on the degree of DVD inspectors. The full premiss of the occupation description is speed. inside informations and truth. It seems that each DVD inspector is on their ain lonely island. rupturing through bins of DVDs and logging them. Social interaction is really minimum as that would take away from production. The simple fact is that person has got to make the dirty occupation of opening the DVDs that are returned by mail. inspecting them. cataloging them. and cleaning them. That occupation description does non impart itself to something that could be done in a squad environment. Possibly something like an assembly line could be established where each individual has a different map ; one individual opens the mail. the following individual removes the DVD and inspects it. the following individual catalogs and cleans it. but that may take to holding excessively many people involved in something that is truly rather simple. However. Netflix could see a more team-focused ambiance to seek and hike morale. motive and prod uctiveness. Possibly by holding groups of people compete against each other for different fringe benefits. production would be increased. Another manner to promote a squad environment would be to brainstorm different ways the occupation could be improved. Could some of the work be done electronically? Is there a manner to streamline the procedure to increase efficiency? Who better to reply these inquiries than the people who do the work? Everyone has a interest in the improvement of the company. Netflix deals with its clients chiefly through the cyberspace. After all. that is how the company was set up – to be an online-DVD-by-mail company. If Netflix wanted to present a more humanity into their client interactions. it may turn out to be a small hard. The job with an on-line company is that the client neer gets any face-time with a company representative. About all communicating is done over the cyberspace and on occasion over the phone. Netflix has some great email correspondence in topographic point which allows them to advise their clients when their DVD has been received back in the distribution centre ( thanks to the DVD inspectors ) . and when their following DVD choice is traveling to transport. To set Netflix into the C ommunication Process as outlined by Griffin A ; Moorhead ( 2012. 2010 ) there must be a beginning of the message. the message is so encoded. transmitted. decoded and received. During that procedure. there may be noise that impedes or garbles the message. So if we use the illustration of the electronic mails that Netflix sends out to its clients. the electronic mail sent out reding that the following DVD is on its manner would be the encoding procedure. the existent electronic mail is the transmittal. the decryption would be the client opening the electronic mail and the receiving system is the existent client. Noise would be considered anything that impeded the message. so possibly a firewall. a bad electronic mail reference. or possibly the electronic mail went to a debris electronic mail booklet. The system that Netflix has in topographic point to pass on with its clients is truly antic for an on-line company. The attempt that Netflix has put in to pass on with its client base shows that they want to transcend in being a really prompt DVD service and they are invariably beging feedback. In order to add a more human component to Netflix’s communications. they could get down looking to pass on with clients and possible clients via wireless ads or telecasting commercials. If they focused more on the personal client experiences with Netflix. they may be able to make an audience on a deeper degree than merely by seeking to derive concern. Possibly demoing childs basking an educational show or a couple basking a quiet day of the month dark in by watching a movie†¦focusing on households being together profiting from clip spent together would make clients on a more personal degree. A great side consequence to that may be that Netflix additions more clients one time people see how their place lives could potentially better by utilizing the company’s services. Organizational alteration is something that Netflix about lives and breathes. CEO Reed Hastings is a large truster in alteration and development. He understands that engineering is invariably being updated ; bigger and better things are ever coming down the line and he wants to be on the head of those occurrences. The competition that Netflix faces from companies like Walmart. Blockbuster and Amazon are ever doing Netflix dance on their toes to guarantee that they stay in front of the curve and remain feasible and competitory in a market place that is all about consumer pick. A great illustration of Netflix implementing the organisation alteration procedure theoretical account as outlined in our text was when Netflix was founded and faced stiff competition from Blockbuster. In 2002. Blockbuster was t he large name in the move rental universe as they controlled about 40 per centum of the market-share ; no other individual company was every bit large a force ( Griffin A ; Moorhead. 2012. 2010 ) . As Netflix was still a trade name new company. they were non expected to turn over net incomes for some clip. Blockbuster. likely seeing the possible menace that Netflix posed on their concern. so started their ain mail plan where clients could lease films through the mail. They besides expanded their market into video games: something Netflix had non considered. Blockbuster besides had an border on Netflix given the fact that they besides had physical shops all over the state. so they non merely have the gross from their mail plan. but they were besides still carry oning concern the manner they had before. Netflix CEO Reed Hastings. seeing his company’s stock value traveling down the lavatory instead rapidly. decided to cut the subscription costs on his ranks. Making so meant less money coming in the door for new concern. but it was surely a more attractive option for possible clients. This is something that Mr. Hastings did to stay competitory. He even admitted that: †¦ we mistakenly concluded that Blockbuster likely wasn’t traveling to establish a competitory attempt when they hadn’t by 2003. Then. in 2004. they did. We thought ‘Well. they won’t set much money behind it. ’ Over the past four old ages [ 2004-2009 ] . they’ve invested more than $ 500 million against us ( Griffin A ; Moorhead. 2012. 2010 ) . Finally. Netflix came out on top. systematically bettering net incomes and deriving clients. while Blockbuster continues to fight. Mr. Hastings recognized and defined the job his company was holding. examined the options he had. implemented the alteration and so reaped the benefits. In today’s universe. Netflix is still a strong company. It has moved into the kingdom of streaming picture. still has a really strong DVD-by-mail plan and its client base is still turning. However. Netflix has caused some contention within the company. In July of 2011. Netflix decided that they would be dividing their DVD services from their picture cyclosis services and bear downing two separate fees for them. Customers used to be able to hold both services with one subscription fee and now there would be two fees if the client still wanted both services. G ratuitous to state. the Netflix boat was confronting an turbulence. Customers were extremely upset by the alteration. Netflix lost over 800. 000 clients with their new pricing system. However. once more. CEO Mr. Hastings was speedy to repair his ways and change by reversal the pricing: As clients continued to fly. Hastings leapt into the disturbance to seek to explicate. â€Å"I messed up. † he wrote on the Netflix Blog on September 18. â€Å"I owe everyone an account. It is clear from the feedback over the past two months that many members felt we lacked regard and humbleness in the manner we announced the separation of DVD and streaming. and the monetary value alterations. That was surely non our purpose. and I offer my sincere apology† ( Cohan. 2012 ) . In the coming old ages. I feel that Netflix will go on to turn and stay on the head of engineering. They will go on to spread out their services and remain a media giant in the universe of amusement. Other companies will surely seek and best Netflix in one country or another. Just expression at the attempts put forth by Blockbuster and Walmart. However. Netflix has proven to be a solid company – a leader in what they do best: supply quality service and merchandises and retain happy. loyal clients. Having a Chief executive officer at the caput that is willing to take hazards. offer apologies and alter his company’s way to keep the client focal point shows that Netflix merely has one way that they are interested in heading. And that way is up. Mentions Cohan. W. D. ( 2012. February 22nd ) . Sing Red. Retrieved August 15th. 2012. from VanityFair. com: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. vanityfair. com/business/2012/02/netflix-201202 Griffin. R. W. . A ; Moorhead. G. ( 2012. 2010 ) . Organizational Behavior: Pull offing Peoples and Organizations. Tenth Edition. Mason. Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. Kolakowski. N. ( 2008. June 26th ) . The Netflix Queue: How’s it Work? . Retrieved August 16th. 2012. from SoundandVisionMag. com: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. soundandvisionmag. com/article/netflix-queue-hows-it-work Netflix Company Facts. ( 2012 ) . Retrieved August 15th. 2012. from Netflix. com: hypertext transfer protocol: //account. netflix. com/MediaCenter/Facts Organizational Behavior Modification Theory. ( 2012 ) . Retrieved August 17th. 2012. from SuperGlossary. com: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. superglossary. com/Definition/Human_Resources_ % 28HR % 29/Organizational_Behavior_Modification_Theory. hyp ertext markup language Snyder. B. ( 2012. January 26th ) . Netflix Inc. Retrieved August 15th. 2012. from NewYorkTimes. com: hypertext transfer protocol: //topics. nytimes. com/top/news/business/companies/netflix-inc/index. hypertext markup language

The Scenerio of Music Industry in Bangladesh free essay sample

But popular forms Of music like folk, Rabin Shanghai,Unusual Shanghai etc are goosing popularity and also loosing quality listeners day by day as most of us do not get the chance to know or learn this forms of music. Still there is a group of people who are still practicing these traditional forms of music and trying to keep this forms alive. But they are not bigger in number then the modern crowd who are addicted to the new wave of music. At present people are listening to modern,pop,band music with western influence and Hindi movie songs. So, the music scenario in Bangladesh is changing. This paper is written to give some reviews and news about the forms of music which are getting popular to the people of Bangladesh and bringing vital changes in the music sector. I think this little afford of mine can make you aware of the present music scenario in Bangladesh. We will write a custom essay sample on The Scenerio of Music Industry in Bangladesh or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Modern Music: Modern music literally means Addenda Egan. Although, to outsiders, this may seem an extremely ambiguous way of nomenclature, it has particular motivations.In the period just before Indian independence (Bengal, under British rule, was a part of one massive India that does not exactly correspond to the India of current day), several new minor musical groups emerged, mainly as playback songs for movies. These songs failed to fit into any particular genre, but mimed to be tied together by common theme of music for the masses. Most of the music tended to be aimed at the mainstream audience popular catchy tunes with simple words that were far moved from the classical ragas (modes). Hence, a miscellaneous category, Addenda songfest, was created, since, at that time, this music was modern.Although over time these so-called modern songs have become fairly old, they continue to be called by the same name. Interestingly, this group of song has grown faster than any other, since it is a miscellaneous category that can accommodate anything that fails to fit elsewhere. The common theme continues to exist. So, although the nomenclature itself might not be as insightful, the genre itself is still well-defined. Though this tradition of music has began its journey for such a long time,still it is producing a numerous number of listeners and still remained as one of the most popular forms of music. Among the main contributors to Addenda songfest were several singers from both West Bengal and Bangladesh. The list can never be completed, but some of the more prolific (and better known) female from Bangladesh are Run Leila, Shania Ramshackle, Sabina Yakima, Shakily Safari, Simian Chowder, Kane Chap etc and better known male artists are Abdul Jabber, Kurdish Lam, Basher Aimed, Seed Abdul Had, Mundane-nab(deceased) Suburbia And, Andrew Shore, Khalids Has Mill(deceased) etc. Most of these creative and qualified artists emerged In early asss.Some of them are active in the music industry from early asss. For a very long time, Addenda Egan played the same role that pop currently plays in the Western World. It was the easy-to-follow and simple song that was fit for people of all age and occupation. It continues to be the most important music among middle-class, white collar Bangladesh families to this day. Modern music and western influence: In the post-independence period, Addenda songfest continued to attract large proportioned of music enthusiasts. However, with time, newer generations demanded more upbeat music.Starting late asss, music involving political theme have started to gain popularity once again, in a similar fashion to growth of Unusual get had gained popularity during the revolution against the British Monarch and the War of Independence of Bangladesh. Groom this incidents and sources modern music was modified with the use of western instruments like guitar,keyboard,drums,bass etc and brought a new genre of music,pop which is fully recognized as western form of music. Genres like etc were similarly introduced in Bangladesh as people wanted more upgraded tunes and songs.Artists like Gamma Khan,Frizz Shah(deceased),Fakir Laming,Happy Khan(deceased),Kumar Biscuit,Andre Shore are still famous to a huge number Of audience for their creative style Of singing and unique compos itions. Pop And Fusion: Artists like etc have created some mixed melodies which have attracted a large number of listeners. They introduced another form of music which can be called fusion. Let is another genre of western music and it has gained a huge popularity. This songs are mainly pop based. This genre has mainly grown up with the use of technology which is not acceptable to many artists and listeners.Still they are producing some great tunes which are leading their way smoothly. Some of these artists have successfully released the mixed versions of some famous folk songs and created a great fusion which helped them obtain a huge support from their audience. They are the most successful artists of music entertainment today. Rock Music: Rock music began its journo in Bangladesh through some great bands in early asss. Lets one Of the most successful forms in Western music and also in Bangladesh. Here Im going to give some definition about rock music though the point Band Music written below.Band Music: The popularity of band music was started enormously with the music of some famous band groups which had some mixed flavor of our melody with Western stream. This bands were mainly rock based. Some of the best known bands of the era are Souls, Obscure, Feed Back, Chime, Different Touch, Renaissance, L. R. B, Feelings, Miles, Winning etc. Some of these bands are still active. They are one of most popular bands of Rock music brought a revolutionary change in the history of music in Bangladesh. This genre of music has build a strong position in Bangle music community.Bangle rock was started by Gamma Khan, Miles and LORE. Hosannas (associated with Ark) and James (Far Manful Nana) (associated with Feelings and, later, Mongo Babul) contributed in popularizing rock music. However, hard-rock did not begin until arrival of bands like Aristocrats, and later Warfare among many others in the early ass. Bangladesh rock scene has evolved into two distinct categories. Mainstream Underground Mainstream: Current day rock and metal bands have progressed a long way from the initiators of the genre in Bangladesh.Deeply influenced by the progressive rock music of the West, and with the latest technology and equipments at their disposal, many of the new rock musicians are trying to develop their own identity and style instead of following western bands. Some of the best known mainstream bands are Ark, Orthicon, Black, Article ,Bangle, In Dacha, Nemesis, Magna Babul, Aristocrats, Stanchions, Warfare etc. Underground: This is a form that has created a new breed of musicians and audience. Mostly popular to young generation,this form Of music is getting famous and creating a new wave of listeners who loves more and more upgraded compositions and tunes.Genres like rock and metal has produced a huge number of sub-genres which are followed by many famous and new bands present this is the most popu lar form music to the new generation. Many underground bands like Article, Black,Nemesis etc has became famous to a huge number of audience and gained their position as mainstream bands. The new generation is getting addicted to underground music day by day because it has so many sub-ogres from which a listener can choose which type of music suits him IR her the most and it also highlights the massive use of western instruments.All the underground bands or musicians are followers of famous western bands or artists though they have their own style of play. But underground bands are mostly metal based. This form of music has created a crowd of its own who will always keep supporting it. Through underground,another popular form of western music,Metal which is also known as extreme form of music has made a strong position in band music and music entertainment.Some of the notable underground bands now a days are Poison Green, Scarecrow, Reborn, Forbidden Truth, Cryptic Fate, Power Surge, Kraal, Gene-Split, Severe Dementia, M echanic, Satanic, Fetus, Did-illumination, Urban Fictions, Flamed, Mirror Blaze, Cynosure etc. What Can We See? : There has been some revolutionary changes in the music sector of Bangladesh in last 2 or 3 decades-Western music is getting popular to each and everyone which is not a good sign and a great threat for our own lute-The new generation are mostly getting addicted to band,fusion and hip-hop music.Normal people are listing to western music because it has a different taste and its own style of play. It has a large variety of genres and sub-genres from which a listener can easily choose which type if music suits him or her most. There is a large number of people who only listen to English or Hindi songs and dont even bother about his or her own tradition. Bangle music is loosing its own audience and listeners. Traditional forms of Bangle music are still alive to a small group of people but not in everyones earth.Though genres like modern,rock,pop are still holds a large number of crowd,but its not enough. The new generation demands more and more upgraded tunes. Because of this our own traditional forms are loosing popularity day by day and young generation is listening to western music. So,we must restore the importance of our own cultural traditions in everyones heart and soul. We have to practice our traditional music as much as we can. We have to create similarity between our own traditional form of music and western music. We have to make our people aware of our culture ND the music tradition we have.

The untold Story of Theseus

The untold Story of Theseus The Untold Story of TheseusThe road ran along the edge of the cliff above the burning blue sea. Theseus turned a bend in the road and saw a man sitting on a rock. The man held a great battle-ax in his hand; he was so large that the ax seemed like a hatchet.Before the enormous man could say a thing, a thunderous voice shook the cliffs. The projected voice was heard to say, 'Bumble Bee Tuna, Look to la Luna.' Suddenly, Theseus disappeared in a flash of blue light.This is all I can tell you for I know no more. You shall have to ask the spirit of Theseus to continue...The Traveling(The spirit of Theseus Speaks)'I found myself in a dark place void of any light. I spent very little time in this manner. The dark place was soon illuminated by two men with fire sticks, that gave white light in stead of yellow.'Sciron beaten by Theseus. Detail of the side A fro...'These men that shone their fire sticks at me were dressed strangely; all in blue. They spoke in an unfamiliar tong and shoved mysel f into what I could only describe at the time as a horseless chariot.''After many days there slow minds concluded that I was a stranger in this land, and sent me to this house with many other young men my age.'(TimÂÆ'Â © PasÂÆ'Â ¡)'Many moons have passed. Over this time I was taught their language and concepts. I found that they call themselves Americans, more specifically 'Michiganders'. I have always been quick to learn and they labeled me as an adequate student. Me. Theseus. Son of Poseidon. Labeled as adequate? Sheeeshh. Anyway, I was told that tomorrow I would be going to a 'High School', specificly, Nth grade.'High School'High school was...

Differences Between the Words Device and Devise

Differences Between the Words 'Device' and 'Devise' The words device are devise are commonly confusedprobably because they sound similar and their meanings are related. However, device and devise are two different parts of speech. Definitions The noun device means an object, a gadget, or a piece of equipment made for some special purpose. The verb devise means to plan, invent, or form in ones mind. Examples A smartphone can be a handy device for avoiding work.The sink is a magnificent device: it fills with water, holds it awhile, and then, when the drain is released, it empties.(George Carlin,  Napalm Silly Putty. Hyperion, 2001)We need to devise new solutions to old problems.Scientists at the University of Bologna in Italy have  devised a hand-held device  that, when passed over the body, identifies different resonations of body tissues in response to a fluctuating frequency of microwaves.(The Science of Anti-Aging Medicine, ed. by R. Klatz and R. Goldman. American Academy of Anti-Aging Med, 2003) Usage Note A device is a machine or tool; to devise means to invent or concoct something. (To devise one must be wise. Will ones device work on ice?) The stable hand would like to devise a device that cleans up after the horses. (Phineas J. Caruthers,  Style Circumstance: The Gentlepersons Guide to Good Grammar. Adams Media, 2012) Idiom Alert: "Left to Our Own Devices" When were left to our own devices we use the learning-by-doing method. Left to our own devices means theres no one looking over our shoulder in front of whom we feel embarrassed if we fail.(Roger C. Schank,  Making Minds Less Well Educated Than Our Own. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2004)Have you received the message by now that our emotions dont treat us well when it comes to managing our money? Left to our own devices, we tend to do stupid things with our money.(A.J. Monte and Rick Swope,  The Market Guys Five Points for Trading Success. Wiley, 2011) Practice Exercise (a) We must _____ a way to rescue Lassie from the well. (b) Maybe a _____ involving pulleys and kittens will work. (c) My father, in the  firefly-rife backyard  of my first home, lights a bundle of little firecrackers and darts dramatically back, and we all stand around in an awed circle, at what we hope is a safe distance, as the _____ twists and jumps and shouts its furious, frustrated noise.(John Updike, The Fourth of July, 1991) (d) You can imagine, Watson, with what eagerness I endeavored to piece together our scientific findings and to _____ some common thread on which they might all  hang.(Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, The Adventure of the Musgrave Ritual, 1893) Answers to Practice Exercise (a) We must  devise  a way to rescue Lassie from the well.(b) Maybe a  device  involving pulleys and kittens will work. (c) My father, in the  firefly-rife backyard  of my first home, lights a bundle of little firecrackers and darts dramatically back, and we all stand around in an awed circle, at what we hope is a safe distance, as the  device  twists and jumps and shouts its furious, frustrated noise.(John Updike, The Fourth of July,  1991) (d) You can imagine, Watson, with what eagerness I endeavored to piece together our scientific findings and to  devise  some common thread on which they might all  hang.(Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, The Adventure of the Musgrave Ritual, 1893)

Global View of Modern History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 13

Global View of Modern History - Essay Example The transatlantic slave trade is a well-documented event that represents the rise of European economic power. It occurred between the fifteenth and nineteenth centuries in West Africa. Commercial interest drew Europeans to West Africa as trade networks expanded to and within the region. Europeans tapped the commercial value of slave trade which led to a huge migration of West African slaves across the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean basin (Bentley  and Ziegler, 559). The labour these slaves provided played a vital role in the enhancement of European agriculture, technology, and trade thereby allowing it an advantage over other civilizations (Pomeranz, 266). The Industrial Revolution was an important event that characterizes Europe’s step towards greater sophistication and technological advantage, which was critical in driving European power. Before the revolution, Europe’s backwardness lied in agriculture, means of production, land management, and inefficient use of fuelwood (Pomeranz, 32). The Industrial Revolution provided Europe with a technological lead over the rest of the world which was possible through Europe’s interaction with other civilizations. Further, it allowed the European society to transform into an industrial society characterized by mass production, paving the way for capitalism (Bentley  and Ziegler, 659). World War I is another significant event in world history, also known as the Great War, which represents a European conflict of large scale. World War I mainly involved European powers and their colonies, including the Allies and the Associated Powers and the Central Powers. The conflict which erupted as an Austro-Serbian dispute grew to involve Europe’s powerful empires. Again, the World War I represents the rise of European power because, with the defeat of the Central Powers, the European Colonialists were able to exercise power that created current conflicts such as the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

Analyzing ads Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyzing ads - Essay Example The management has however, created counter strategies in their advertisement techniques in order to capture new customers and maintain its old customers in the market. Fowles’ appeal plays a major role in production of these Ads. The Management factor in his 15 appeals to reach out to market efficiently. Jib Flowless is a scholar who suggests that advertising revolve around 15 different appeals (Fowles 8). These include need for sex, affiliation guidance, and nurture, aggressiveness, to achieve and dominate. The rest of the appeals includes the appeals for the need for prominence, attention, autonomy, escape; feel safe, aesthetic, satisfy curiosity and the psychological needs. The Ads focus on flashy faces of the models with white healthy teeth posing with Colgate toothpaste. This is in order to create appeals to potential customers to be interested enough to buy the product. The other focus is the flashy look of the Colgate plastic pack. This is contrary to its competitor wh o uses animals known to have strong teeth like the beaver to advertise their products. Ads analysis The Ad in picture one uses a beautiful woman smiling to help market Colgate. The beautiful woman appeals to the emotion of the potential clients in order to capture their attention to look at the Colgate picture. Her brighten smile appeal for the need of affiliation to the beautiful smile. The smile invokes a memorable picture in the mind of the customer just as the marketing department at Colgate aimed to achieve. The Colgate toothpaste appears on the part of the picture to capture the attention of the reader. The conspicuous size of the toothpaste is to ensure that the name of the product hits the subconscious mind of the consumer. The background in the picture is red with large word in white that say Colgate fights germs. This message is to appeal to the need that ensures the customer feels safe. This emphasis is by the choice of the words and their size triggers conversation among the people looking at the advertisement. The main reason for advertisers to choose the above appeal; was to capture the attention of the potential customers (Biagi 156). The appeals reveal the audience of the Ad was parents and young people in the society. The appeal for the need to feel safe was targeting parents who take extra precautions to ensure that their children are safe from germs. The beautiful smile by the woman in the Ad depicts the audience of the Ad to be young people who like to look stylish and modern. In conclusion, Ad was targeting the elite group in the market. The Ad in picture 2 seeks to market a new brand of Colgate toothpaste. This is evident by the large letters in the name Colgate maxfresh. The name maxifresh appeal to need to achieve freshness in the mouth. These words are special and meant to send a message that the product offers maximum freshness in the mouth. The words â€Å"Unleash a rush of freshness† work to create an emotional appeal to rela te to the product to experience the feeling of freshness. Flashy blue container of Colgate creates interest in the mind of the individuals viewing the Ad to have an interest in the product. The advertisers specifically choose these appeals to ensure that they capture the attention of a larger market pull. The large letters of the product name seek to market the toothpaste among already consumers of other toothpastes products. The Advertisers ensure that the words â€Å"Britam stripes†

Shakespeare and Kafka Essay Example for Free

Shakespeare and Kafka Essay Both Shakespeare and Franz Kafta were the men of their contemporary world, placing the world as they see with irony and forms a juxtaposition of a psychological trauma of man troubled by the societies unwarranted interference and trouble in their lives. Shakespear’s tragedy and Kafta’s trial are the tragedies and both of their protagonists have their tragic end not only due to the circumstances created by the society but also by their own mental traumas and thoughts. But, there are certain differences between the two, Hamlet’s King died more due to his moral dilemma while Kafta have to bear the consequences of the bureaucratic rules and laws of the land. Shakespeare uses the technique of inner struggle of a man who is confounded with the fact that her mother has married with her husband’s murdered and the plans of revenge he intended to take. The Hamlet’s trauma was his thoughts about the various moral issues. The biggest moral issue in front of him came when he got revelation of the truth about his mother’s infidelity. He was fixed in a dilemma was it right to kill his mother as a punishment?. He was caught so much in the dilemma that he delayed taking revenge resulting in the circumstances that proved tragic for him. Though he took revenge in the end but at the cost of his life and also of others to whom he matters the most particularly his beloved. Trial is also same in the sense that it also ended in tragedy yet it is different in the sense that Joseph K was giving unsuccessful fight against the court to denounce his death sentence. It was only in the end he accepted his fate and himself summoned his call of death. If Shakespeare would have written â€Å"The Trial† then Joseph, the main protagonist of the story would have been a man of higher status in the society and would have been more a tale of suffering. His misfortune would have been something exceptional and extraordinary. When Joseph K was informed that he would be arrested, Shakespeare would have turned the character as the most humble without any power to face resistance. Joseph would have been incapable to make quick decisions, though he would have been capable to make indecisive and rash decision but would never have been able to take planned or premeditated action. As in the exact story of Kafka where Joseph is shown making efforts for his release, calling his attorney and even went to the court on the appointed day for the hearings as the demand of the law of the land, Shakespeare would have twisted the story here. He would have made Joseph lament of the tragedy going to befall on him. Joseph would have given himself to mediation and reflection and in this process he would have gone on delaying in his efforts to secure his release. Joseph would have thought too much about the circumstances befallen on him before making efforts of his actions. Shakespeare would have allowed him to commit the actions and commissions and cause him great mental agony and not only physical pain that he was going to endure. And later as â€Å"Hamlet†, he would have tried to find out the main reason behind his alleged arrest and trials and who were responsible for his so tragic fate, which was never revealed to him by Kafka. In tragedy by Shakespeare, the hero normally comes to the realization of truth of which he had been always unaware of and as Aristotle himself said, â€Å"a change from ignorance to knowledge†. (Mcmanus, Online) Therefore in â€Å"The Trial†, Shakespeare would have made Joseph make efforts in gaining the knowledge and reason behind what has made his fate most tragic. Later Joseph would have grown in stature and wisdom, as Shakespeare would have made him realize the fact that reason is not enough. An over reliance on reason and belief and untrammeled free will are hallmarks of the Shakespearian villain, and the heroes learn better. Joseph would have made to realize that he should have resort to much better efforts while dealing with the crises and situations, which are out of his control. On the other hand, Kafka would have also used the elements so typical of him as a writer in Hamlet. He would have created Hamlet as a person who would not be merely pondering and reasoning on the causes of his befallen fate but would have strived to fight for his rights against the unjustified justice. He would have made Hamlet, instead of entering into the moral dilemma of whims and his passion for his mother, strived to take immediate action against the culprits who were responsible for his father’s death. His anguish and emotional trauma would have been very less as compared to the trauma inflicted by Joseph. Where in Hamlet, Shakespeare has created an element of Ghost, Kafka would have made the appearance of divine figure like that of a priest who would have taught Hamlet to accept his fate as what is destined for him has to happen. For Kafka, guilt is a feeling that no man can avoid whatever his or her experience may be and in Hamlet, Kafka would have definitely used the element of guilt. He would have made Hamlet realized his mother and uncle of guilt instead of entering into moral dilemma himself and make them face the trials. Here Hamlet would have been realized the fact that it is not important that an individual is actually guilty of an offence but what is important is that crime has occurred and he knew the culprits and therefore they ought to be put in trial and convicted. Another aspect to it is an issue of revenge. Hamlet wanted to take the revenge of the death of his father that was contradictory to the contemporary society in which Hamlet was written. This revenge implies taking the law in one’s own hands in order to satisfy an inner urge, although in civilized society the function of fighting the wrongs done to individuals belong to the state or the government. If Kafka had written Hamlet, he would have made Hamlet t try to follow the course of law to punish the culprits. But, he would have made Hamlet unsuccessful in his efforts as the law takes its own course and by that time Claudius would have been set free and took an adequate opportunity to bring Hamlet to his tragic death. In other words, death of Hamlet could not have occurred due to the moral flaws in the character of Hamlet but due to the circumstances that were out of his control. In spite of his efforts, Hamlet would never have been able to bring real culprits on the punishment panel. Kafka would have made Hamlet a story of the faults in the justice system of the contemporary society instead of the moral flaw in the character that would have made his end inevitable.   In Kafta;s version of Hamlet too, would have also died in the end but in a different way. Hamlet would have never been able to find truth of the conspiracy behind his father’s death. As with the Mouse Trap’ in Hamlet was the major victory for Hamlet as he was able to contrive his father’s murderer but the parable of Kafka’s would have made Hamlet frustrated as it neither contained any golden rule nor even suggested a mode of behavior under particular conditions. Hamlet would have not learnt anything and died a meaningless life bearing the misery of human existence. In the end Hamlet says, â€Å"the rest is silence†, this dialogue is an exploration of the true nature and life of human beings. Hamlet realized the fact that for all human beings, the ultimate destiny is death. Finally all human beings have to attain the death, which is inevitable and have to accept their ultimate faith. Hamlet confronts, recognizes and accepts the condition of being man and the last death wringed in him final cry of passion. But it is not simply the acceptance of death that Hamlet wants to unveil but within this end is the paradigm of complete mysteries of life and along with it is the mystery of evil. The realization of the reality of the death and the mystery of life he felt in the graveyard where the bodies of scheming politicians, the hollow courtier, the tricky lawyer, emperor or the queen and the beautiful young maidens laid.   Whereas when Joseph K said â€Å"like a dog†, Kafka struck at the contemporary society with a tool of an irony. Joseph K.’s demise is the demise of all human beings who had to face the courts and trials without any question. All the human beings are the dogs in the hands of the society and have to accept the fate what has been destined for them. This is a difference between ‘like a dog’ and ‘the rest is silence’. The similarity between the two lies in the fact that fate is the biggest thing in the life of human beings and every one has to accept their fate. Works Cited McManus, Barbara F. â€Å"Outline of Aristotles Theory of Tragedy in the POETICS†. Internet. (1999). Available: http://www.cnr.edu/home/bmcmanus/poetics.html, October 17, 2008.

The Politics of Obesity Essay -- Overweight Health Eating Habits Essay

The Politics of Obesity A March, 2005 headline on CNN.com brought deeply disturbing news to the American public: â€Å"Report: Obesity will reverse life expectancy gains.† For the past 200 years, life expectancy steadily increased thanks to medical advances such as the discovery of antibiotics and vaccines, but this upward trend is no longer guaranteed. Childhood obesity has already reduced the average life expectancy between four and nine months. â€Å"[T]oday’s generation will have shorter and less healthy lives than their parents for the first time in modern history,† warned S. Jay Olshansky, the University of Illinois researcher and author of the study (1). In 2004, the US Center for Disease Control found that at least 66% of adults were overweight or obese—double the percentage in 1980—and that more than 1/6 th of kids ages 2-19 were overweight. Type II diabetes, usually caused by an unhealthy lifestyle rather than genetics, has increased as a side effect of obesity and heart disease is also on the rise. In short, obesity is a national epidemic. Accusatory fingers have been flying, each pointing to different possible causes for our tubby younger generation and their similarly overweight parents. Some blame video games that keep kids inside and sedentary and some see the shift toward desk jobs as the reason. Others claim that our car culture based on cheap gas is the culprit. Still others fault the fat-laden fast food, soda, and junk food that Americans consume by the ton. To be sure, these cultural phenomena are interconnected and no one cause can be blamed entirely, but one tiny acronym stands demurely behind this last category of diet-related causes: HFCS. High fructose corn syrup, the favorite food additive of Coke, ... ...ne wants to experience the pain and frustration of obesity, and surely we wish to protect our children from starting out life unhealthy and overweight. As consumers but more importantly as citizens, we must be informed about the HFCS and obesity for our children’s sake, and US agricultural and nutritional policy must reflect our concerns. Sources Cited: http://www.cnn.com/2005/HEALTH/diet.fitness/03/16/obesity.longevity.ap/ http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/chronicle/archive/2004/02/18/FDGS24VKMH1.DTL Michael Pollan. â€Å"The (Agri)Cultural Contradictions of Obesity.† The New York Times Magazine. Oct 12, 2003. http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A8003-2003Mar10?language=printer http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/79/4/537 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15234599&dopt=Abstract

Arguing Abortion Essay

Abortion is a legal and necessary medical procedure to have available in the United States. Despite spiritual, emotional, or physical beliefs, the basic truth of any right or law is that a person is free to express his or her opinion and to fight for causes, provided it does not harm another person. This concept could also be applied to the issue of abortion. Though some may argue that a woman who gets an abortion is, in fact, harming another person, medical research has yet to define personhood as happening in the â€Å"moment of conception.† Personhood (which is what the concept would apply to) is defined as happening in the â€Å"moment of birth† (ProCon.org, 2012). Moreover, it is false to argue â€Å"God† or faith into any topic affecting human rights because not everyone believes the same thing and there is no proof that â€Å"God† exists. Though, there are theories based on scientific research discussing the creation of the universe that could suggest that a universal mind had to be the creator based on the precision and placement of the galaxies. However, there is no proof of this. There is a separation of church and state to keep faith and spirituality out of laws that govern lives. The Bible is faith, but the Constitution is law. The Bible is not the governing law of the United States. Therefore, the argument that â€Å"God† says abortion is not allowed is invalid. Incidentally, a research article from ProCon.org provides information on the topic of abortion, among many other controversial topics. The main focus of this website is to analyze critically a topic and provide the good and the ugly points of view. On the issue of abortion it offers several pro-life arguments and pro-choice arguments along with video clips and statistics to back up their evidence. Another argument is that abortion goes directly against the intentions of the founding fathers (as stated in the Declaration of Independence). The argument uses the word â€Å"Creator†, most likely indicating a religious connotation. There are two things to consider in the rebuttal of this argument. One, as previously stated, religion has no business affecting the law of human beings because human beings are different, and in this country are blessed with the right to believe what they will. The second is that with all things comes change. The Declaration of Independence was written a very long time ago and though it’s basic message comes through strong and still applies to this day, it is important to consider the evolution of society since then. Consequently, in this society there is friction over many issues. Abortion is just one of them. There are several arguments for and against abortion. Based on the evidence found through research it has been determined that abortion is legal and necessary for basic human rights. In the court case Roe v. Wade, the 7–2 Supreme Court decision that found a constitutional right to privacy that in turn meant a pregnant woman was entitled to have an abortion until the end of the first trimester of pregnancy without interference by any state (The Daily Beast, 2012). This case supports the right for women to have privacy in their medical endeavors as well as allows women the opportunity to choose what they do with their body and it’s parts. References ProCon.org. (2012). Abortion ProCon.org. Retrieved from http://abortion.procon.org /#Background ProCon.org. (2012). Theoretical experts. Retrieved from http://euthanasia.procon.org /credibility-ranking.php Sanger, L. (n.d.). Citizenium blog. Retrieved from http://blog.citizendium.org/?p=383 The Daily Beast. (2012). Ineractive: readers share their views. Retrieved from http:// www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/01/04/interactive-readers-share-their- views-on-and-stories-about-abortion.html

Asc 330-10

October 13, 2011 330 Inventory 10 Overall 330-10-00 Status Note: General Note The Status Section identifies changes to this Subtopic resulting from Accounting Standards Updates. The Section provides references to the affected Codification content and links to the related Accounting Standards Updates. Nonsubstantive changes for items such as editorial, link and similar corrections are included separately in Maintenance Updates. General 330-10-00-1 330- 10-00No updates have been made to this subtopic. 330-10-05 Overview and BackgroundNote: General Note The Overview and Background Section provides overview and background material for the guidance contained in the Subtopic. It does not provide the historical background or due process. It may contain certain material that users generally consider useful to understand the typical situations addressed by the standards. The Section does not summarize the accounting and reporting requirements. General 330-10-05330-10-05-1 The Inventory Topic addresses the accounting principles and reporting practices applicable to inventory. 30-10-05330-10-05-2 An inventory has financial significance because revenues may be obtained from its sale, or from the sale of the goods or services in the production of which it is used. Normally such revenues arise in a continuous repetitive process or cycle of operations in which goods are acquired, created, and sold, and further goods are acquired for additional sales. 330-10-05330-10-05-3 Thus, the inventory at any given date is the balance of costs applicable to goods on hand remaining after the matching of absorbed costs with concurrent revenues.This balance is appropriately carried to future periods provided it does not exceed an amount properly chargeable against the revenues expected to be obtained from ultimate disposition of the goods carried forward. In practice, this balance is determined by the process of pricing the articles included in the inventory. 330-10-10 Objectives Note: Gene ral Note The Objectives Section provides the high-level objectives that the Subtopic is intended to accomplish or attain. The Section does not summarize or discuss the main principles of accounting and reporting requirements.General 330-10-10330-10-10-1 A major objective of accounting for inventories is the proper determination of income through the process of matching appropriate costs against revenues. 330-10-15 Scope and Scope Exceptions Note: General Note The Scope and Scope Exceptions Section outlines the items (for example, the entities, transactions, instruments, or events) to which the guidance in the Subtopic does or does not apply. In some cases, the Section may contain definitional or other text to frame the scope. General > Overall GuidanceThe Scope Section of the Overall Subtopic establishes the pervasive scope for the Inventory Topic. 330-10-15330-10-15-1 > Entities The guidance in the Inventory Topic applies to all entities, with the following qualifications. Th e guidance in this Topic is not necessarily applicable to the following entities: 330-10-15330-10-15-2 330-10-15330-10-15-3 a. Not-for-profit entities (NFPs) b. Regulated utilities. 330-10-20 Glossary Note: General Note The Master Glossary contains all terms identified as glossary terms throughout the Codification.Clicking on any term in the Master Glossary will display where the term is used. The Master Glossary may contain identical terms with different definitions, some of which may not be appropriate for a particular Subtopic. For any particular Subtopic, users should only use the glossary terms included in the particular Subtopic Glossary Section (Section 20). Direct Effects of a Change in Accounting Principle Those recognized changes in assets or liabilities necessary to effect a change in accounting principle. An example of a irect effect is an adjustment to an inventory balance to effect a change in inventory valuation method. Related changes, such as an effect on deferred i ncome tax assets or liabilities or an impairment adjustment resulting from applying the lower-of-cost-or-market test to the adjusted inventory balance, also are examples of direct effects of a change in accounting principle. Inventory The aggregate of those items of tangible personal property that have any of the following characteristics: a. Held for sale in the ordinary course of business b.In process of production for such sale c. To be currently consumed in the production of goods or services to be available for sale. The term inventory embraces goods awaiting sale (the merchandise of a trading concern and the finished goods of a manufacturer), goods in the course of production (work in process), and goods to be consumed directly or indirectly in production (raw materials and supplies). This definition of inventories excludes long-term assets subject to depreciation accounting, or goods which, when put into use, will be so classified.The fact that a depreciable asset is retired from regular use and held for sale does not indicate that the item should be classified as part of the inventory. Raw materials and supplies purchased for production may be used or consumed for the construction of long-term assets or other purposes not related to production, but the fact that inventory items representing a small portion of the total may not be absorbed ultimately in the production process does not require separate classification.By trade practice, operating materials and supplies of certain types of entities such as oil producers are usually treated as inventory. Market As used in the phrase lower of cost or market, the term market means current replacement cost (by purchase or by reproduction, as the case may be) provided that it meets both of the following conditions: a. Market shall not exceed the net realizable value b. Market shall not be less than net realizable value reduced by an allowance for an approximately normal profit margin.Net Realizable Value Estima ted selling price in the ordinary course of business less reasonably predictable costs of completion and disposal. 330-10-30 Initial Measurement Note: General Note The Initial Measurement Section provides guidance on the criteria and amounts used to measure a particular item at the date of initial recognition. General > Cost Basis 330-10-30330-10-30-1 The primary basis of accounting for inventories is cost, which has been defined generally as the price paid or consideration given to acquire an asset.As applied to inventories, cost means in principle the sum of the applicable expenditures and charges directly or indirectly incurred in bringing an article to its existing condition and location. It is understood to mean acquisition and production cost, and its determination involves many considerations. 330-10-30330-10-30-2 Although principles for the determination of inventory costs may be easily stated, their application, particularly to such inventory items as work in process and finished goods, is difficult because of the variety of considerations in the allocation of costs and charges. 30-10-30330-10-30-3 For example, variable production overheads are allocated to each unit of production on the basis of the actual use of the production facilities. However, the allocation of fixed production overheads to the costs of conversion is based on the normal capacity of the production facilities. Normal capacity refers to a range of production levels. Normal capacity is the production expected to be achieved over a number of periods or seasons under normal circumstances, taking into account the loss of capacity resulting from planned maintenance.Some variation in production levels from period to period is expected and establishes the range of normal capacity. 330-10-30330-10-30-4 The range of normal capacity will vary based on business- and industry-specific factors. Judgment is required to determine when a production level is abnormally low (that is, outside the range of expected variation in production). 330-10-30330-10-30-5 Examples of factors that might be anticipated to cause an abnormally low production level include significantly reduced demand, labor and materials shortages, and unplanned facility or equipment downtime. 30-10-30330-10-30-6 The actual level of production may be used if it approximates normal capacity. In periods of abnormally high production, the amount of fixed overhead allocated to each unit of production shall be decreased so that inventories are not measured above cost. The amount of fixed overhead allocated to each unit of production shall not be increased as a consequence of abnormally low production or idle plant. 330-10-30330-10-30-7 Unallocated overheads shall be recognized as an expense in the period in which they are incurred.Other items such as abnormal freight, handling costs, and amounts of wasted materials (spoilage) require treatment as current period charges rather than as a portion of the inventory c ost. 330-10-30330-10-30-8 Also, under most circumstances, general and administrative expenses shall be included as period charges, except for the portion of such expenses that may be clearly related to production and thus constitute a part of inventory costs (product charges). Selling expenses constitute no part of inventory costs. The exclusion of all overheads from inventory costs does not constitute an accepted accounting procedure.The exercise of judgment in an individual situation involves a consideration of the adequacy of the procedures of the cost accounting system in use, the soundness of the principles thereof, and their consistent application. General and administrative expenses ordinarily shall be charged to expense as incurred but may be accounted for as contract costs under the completed-contract method of accounting or, in some circumstances, as indirect contract costs by government contractors. > Determination of Inventory Costs 30-10-30330-10-30-9 Cost for invent ory purposes may be determined under any one of several assumptions as to the flow of cost factors, such as first-in first-out (FIFO), average, and last-in first-out (LIFO). The major objective in selecting a method should be to choose the one which, under the circumstances, most clearly reflects periodic income. 330-10-30330-10-30-10 The cost to be matched against revenue from a sale may not be the identified cost of the specific item which is sold, especially in cases in which similar goods are purchased at different times and at different prices.While in some lines of business specific lots are clearly identified from the time of purchase through the time of sale and are costed on this basis, ordinarily the identity of goods is lost between the time of acquisition and the time of sale. 330-10-30330-10-30-11 Accordingly, if the materials purchased in various lots are identical and interchangeable, the use of identified cost of the various lots may not produce the most useful finan cial statements.This fact has resulted in the general acceptance of several assumptions with respect to the flow of cost factors such as FIFO, average, and LIFO to provide practical bases for the measurement of periodic income. 330-10-30330-10-30-12 Standard costs are acceptable if adjusted at reasonable intervals to reflect current conditions so that at the balance-sheet date standard costs reasonably approximate costs computed under one of the recognized bases.In such cases descriptive language shall be used which will express this relationship, as, for instance, â€Å"approximate costs determined on the first-in first-out basis,† or, if it is desired to mention standard costs, â€Å"at standard costs, approximating average costs. † 330-10-30330-10-30-13 In some situations a reversed mark-up procedure of inventory pricing, such as the retail inventory method, may be both practical and appropriate.The business operations in some cases may be such as to make it desirab le to apply one of the acceptable methods of determining cost to one portion of the inventory or components thereof and another of the acceptable methods to other portions of the inventory. 330-10-30330-10-30-14 Although selection of the method should be made on the basis of the individual circumstances, financial statements will be more useful if uniform methods of inventory pricing are adopted by all companies within a given industry. >Consistency Required 330-10-30330-10-30-15 While the basis of stating inventories does not affect the overall gain or loss on the ultimate disposition of inventory items, any inconsistency in the selection or employment of a basis may improperly affect the periodic amounts of income or loss. Because of the common use and importance of periodic statements, a procedure adopted for the treatment of inventory items shall be consistently applied in order that the results reported may be fairly allocated between years. >Purchases and Sales of Invent ory with the Same Counterparty 330-10-30330-10-30-16 For a discussion of the initial measurement of inventory purchased from an entity to which it also sells inventory in the same line of business, see paragraphs 845-10-55-10 through 55-26. > Costs Resulting from Share-Based Payment Transactions See paragraph 718-10-25-2 for a discussion of share-based payment capitalized as a part of inventory. 330-10-30330-10-30-17 > Costs of Computer Software to Be Sold, Leased, or Otherwise Marketed 30-10-30330-10-30-18 See Sections 985-20-25 and 985-20-35 and paragraphs 985-20-55-2 through 55-3 for a discussion of accounting for the costs of producing and acquiring computer software, including software that is marketed as part of a product or process. > Costs of Certain Construction-Type and Production-Type Contracts 330-10-30330-10-30-19 See Section 605-35-25 for a discussion of accounting for contract and precontract costs of certain construction-type and production-type contracts. 3 30-10-35 Subsequent MeasurementNote: General Note The Subsequent Measurement Section provides guidance on an entity’s subsequent measurement and subsequent recognition of an item. Situations that may result in subsequent changes to carrying amount include impairment, fair value adjustments, depreciation and amortization, and so forth. General > Adjustments to Lower of Cost or Market 330-10-35330-10-35-1 A departure from the cost basis of pricing the inventory is required when the utility of the goods is no longer as great as their cost.Where there is evidence that the utility of goods, in their disposal in the ordinary course of business, will be less than cost, whether due to physical deterioration, obsolescence, changes in price levels, or other causes, the difference shall be recognized as a loss of the current period. This is generally accomplished by stating such goods at a lower level commonly designated as market market. 330-10-35330-10-35-2 The cost basis of record ing inventory ordinarily achieves the objective of a proper matching of costs and revenues.However, under certain circumstances cost may not be the amount properly chargeable against the revenues of future periods. A departure from cost is required in these circumstances because cost is satisfactory only if the utility of the goods has not diminished since their acquisition; a loss of utility shall be reflected as a charge against the revenues of the period in which it occurs. Thus, in accounting for inventories, a loss shall be recognized whenever the utility of goods is impaired by damage, deterioration, obsolescence, changes in price levels, or other causes.The measurement of such losses shall be accomplished by applying the rule of pricing inventories at the lower of cost or market. This provides a practical means of measuring utility and thereby determining the amount of the loss to be recognized and accounted for in the current period. 330-10-35330-10-35-3 The rule of lower of cost or market is intended to provide a means of measuring the residual usefulness of an inventory expenditure.The term market is therefore to be interpreted as indicating utility on the inventory date and may be thought of in terms of the equivalent expenditure which would have to be made in the ordinary course at that date to procure corresponding utility. 330-10-35330-10-35-4 As a general guide, utility is indicated primarily by the current cost of replacement of the goods as they would be obtained by purchase or reproduction. In applying the rule, however, judgment must always be exercised and no loss shall be recognized unless the evidence indicates clearly that a loss has been sustained.There are therefore exceptions to such a standard. Replacement or reproduction prices would not be appropriate as a measure of utility when the estimated sales value, reduced by the costs of completion and disposal, is lower, in which case the realizable value so determined more appropriately measures utility. 330-10-35330-10-35-5 Furthermore, when the evidence indicates that cost will be recovered with an approximately normal profit upon sale in the ordinary course of business, no loss shall be recognized even though replacement or reproduction costs are lower.This might be true, for example, in the case of production under firm sales contracts at fixed prices, or when a reasonable volume of future orders is assured at stable selling prices. 330-10-35-6 If inventory has been the hedged item in a fair value hedge, the inventory’s cost basis used in the lower 330- 10-35of cost or market accounting shall reflect the effect of the adjustments of its carrying amount made pursuant to paragraph 815-25-35-1(b). 330-10-35330-10-35-7 Because of the many variations of circumstances encountered in inventory pricing, the definition of market is intended as a guide rather than a literal rule.It shall be applied realistically in light of the objectives expressed in this Subtopi c and with due regard to the form, content, and composition of the inventory. For example, the retail inventory method, if adequate markdowns are currently taken, accomplishes the objectives described herein. It is also recognized that, if a business is expected to lose money for a sustained period, the inventory shall not be written down to offset a loss inherent in the subsequent operations. 30-10-35330-10-35-8 Depending on the character and composition of the inventory, the rule of lower of cost or market may properly be applied either directly to each item or to the total of the inventory (or, in some cases, to the total of the components of each major category). The method shall be that which most clearly reflects periodic income. 330-10-35330-10-35-9 The purpose of reducing inventory to market is to reflect fairly the income of the period. The most common practice is to apply the lower of cost or market rule separately to each item of the inventory.However, if there is only on e end-product category the cost utility of the total stock—the inventory in its entirety—may have the greatest significance for accounting purposes. Accordingly, the reduction of individual items to market may not always lead to the most useful result if the utility of the total inventory to the business is not below its cost. This might be the case if selling prices are not affected by temporary or small fluctuations in current costs of purchase or manufacture. 30-10-35330-10-35-10 Similarly, where more than one major product or operational category exists, the application of the lower of cost or market rule to the total of the items included in such major categories may result in the most useful determination of income. When no loss of income is expected to take place as a result of a reduction of cost prices of certain goods because others forming components of the same general categories of finished products have a market equally in excess of cost, such components need not be adjusted to market to the extent that they are in balanced quantities.Thus, in such cases, the rule of lower of cost or market, may be applied directly to the totals of the entire inventory, rather than to the individual inventory items, if they enter into the same category of finished product and if they are in balanced quantities, provided the procedure is applied consistently from year to year. 330-10-35330-10-35-11 To the extent, however, that the stocks of particular materials or components are excessive in relation to others, the more widely recognized procedure of applying the lower of cost or market to the individual items constituting the excess shall be followed.This would also apply in cases in which the items enter into the production of unrelated products or products having a material variation in the rate of turnover. Unless an effective method of classifying categories is practicable, the rule shall be applied to each item in the inventory. 330-10-35330-10 -35-12 See paragraphs 330-10-30-9 through 30-14 for guidance on inventory pricing methods. > Loss Due to Sales Incentive 330-10-35330-10-35-13 The offer of a sales incentive that will result in a loss on the sale of a product may indicate an impairment of existing inventory under this Subtopic. gt; New Cost Basis 330-10-35-14 In the case of goods which have been written down below cost at the close of a fiscal year, such 330- 10-35reduced amount is to be considered the cost for subsequent accounting purposes. Paragraph 270-10-45-6 provides guidance for preparing interim financial statements. > Stating Inventories Above Cost 330-10-35330-10-35-15 Only in exceptional cases may inventories properly be stated above cost.For example, precious metals having a fixed monetary value with no substantial cost of marketing may be stated at such monetary value; any other exceptions must be justifiable by inability to determine appropriate approximate costs, immediate marketability at quote d market price, and the characteristic of unit interchangeability. 330-10-35330-10-35-16 It is generally recognized that income accrues only at the time of sale, and that gains may not be anticipated by reflecting assets at their current sales prices.However, exceptions for reflecting assets at selling prices are permissible for both of the following: a. Inventories of gold and silver, when there is an effective government-controlled market at a fixed monetary value b. Inventories representing agricultural, mineral, and other products, with all of the following criteria: 1. Units of which are interchangeable 2. Units of which have an immediate marketability at quoted prices 3. Units for which appropriate costs may be difficult to obtain.Where such inventories are stated at sales prices, they shall be reduced by expenditures to be incurred in disposal. > Purchase Commitments 330-10-35330-10-35-17 A net loss on firm purchase commitments for goods for inventory, measured in the same way as are inventory losses, shall be recognized in the accounts. The recognition in a current period of losses arising from the decline in the utility of cost expenditures is equally applicable to similar losses which are expected to arise from firm, uncancelable, and unhedged commitments for the future purchase of inventory items. 30-10-35330-10-35-18 The utility of such commitments is not impaired, and hence there is no loss, when the amounts to be realized from the disposition of the future inventory items are adequately protected by firm sales contracts or when there are other circumstances that reasonably assure continuing sales without price decline. > Accounting Changes 330-10-35330-10-35-19 Paragraph 250-10-55-1 explains that a change in composition of the elements of cost included in inventory is an accounting change and provides related guidance. 30-10-35330-10-35-20 The definition of direct effects of a change in accounting principle includes a change in inventory va luation methods as an accounting change. > Vendor Accounting for Consideration Given to a Customer or Reseller See Subtopic 605-50 for a discussion of consideration given by a vendor to a customer. 330-10-35330-10-35-21 > Customer or Reseller Accounting for Consideration Received from a Vendor 330-10-35330-10-35-22 See Section 605-50 for a discussion of accounting by a customer (including a reseller) for consideration received from a vendor. >Interim Financial Reporting See paragraph 270-10-45-6 for a discussion of practices used in determining costs of inventory on an 330-10-35330-10-35-23 interim basis. 330-10-45 Other Presentation Matters Note: General Note The Other Presentation Matters Section provides guidance on other presentation matters not addressed in the Recognition, Initial Measurement, Subsequent Measurement, and Derecognition Sections. Other presentation matters may include items such as current or long-term balance sheet classification, cash flow presentatio n, earnings per share matters, and so forth.The FASB Codification also contains Presentation Topics, which provide guidance for general presentation and display items. See those Topics for general guidance. General > Change in Composition is Accounting Change 330-10-45330-10-45-1 See paragraph 330-10-35-19 for guidance on dealing with the effects of an accounting change resulting from a change in elements of cost included in inventory inventory. > Costs of Certain Construction-Type and Production-Type Contracts 330-10-45330-10-45-2 See paragraphs 605-35-45-3 through 45-5 for guidance on presenting contract costs of certain construction-type and production-type contracts. 30-10-50 Disclosure Note: General Note The Disclosure Section provides guidance regarding the disclosure in the notes to financial statements. In some cases, disclosure may relate to disclosure on the face of the financial statements. General > Basis for Stating Inventories 330-10-50330-10-50-1 The basis of stating inventories shall be consistently applied and shall be disclosed in the financial statements; whenever a significant change is made therein, there shall be disclosure of the nature of the change and, if material, the effect on income. A change of such basis ay have an important effect upon the interpretation of the financial statements both before and after that change, and hence, in the event of a change, a full disclosure of its nature and of its effect, if material, upon income shall be made. > Losses from Application of Lower of Cost or Market 330-10-50330-10-50-2 When substantial and unusual losses result from the application of the rule of lower of cost or market it will frequently be desirable to disclose the amount of the loss in the income statement as a charge separately identified from the consumed inventory costs described as cost of goods sold. gt; Goods Stated Above Cost Where goods are stated above cost this fact shall be fully disclosed. 330-10-50330-10-5 0-3 > Stating Inventories at Sales Prices 330-10-50330-10-50-4 Where such inventories are stated at sales prices, the use of such basis shall be fully disclosed in the financial statements. > Losses on Firm Purchase Commitments 330-10-50330-10-50-5 The amounts of net losses on firm purchase commitments accrued under paragraph 330-10-35-17 shall be disclosed separately in the income statement. >Disclosure of Significant Estimates 330-10-50330-10-50-6 See Example 1 (paragraph 330-10-55-8) for an illustration of the disclosure of significant estimates applicable to inventories as required by Section 275-10-50. 330-10-55 Implementation Guidance and Illustrations Note: General Note The Implementation Guidance and Illustrations Section contains implementation guidance and illustrations that are an integral part of the Subtopic. The implementation guidance and illustrations do not address all possible variations.Users must consider carefully the actual facts and circumstances in r elation to the requirements of the Subtopic. General 330-10-55330-10-55-1 This Section, which is an integral part of the requirements of this Topic, provides general guidance to be used in accounting for inventory Certain assumptions have been made to simplify the computations and focus on the inventory. issue at hand in each illustration. > >> Implementation Guidance Market Decline in Interim Period 30-10-55330-10-55-2 If near-term price recovery is uncertain, a decline in the market price of inventory below cost during an interim period shall be accounted for as follows. Paragraph 270-10-45-6 requires that the inventory be written down to the lower of cost or market unless either of the following conditions is met: a. Substantial evidence exists that market prices will recover before the inventory is sold. b. In the case of last-in, first-out (LIFO) inventory, substantial evidence exists that inventory amounts will be restored by year-end. A write-down is generally requir ed nless the decline is due to seasonal price fluctuations. >> Costs Capitalized to Inventory for Tax Purposes 330-10-55330-10-55-3 The following provides guidance as to whether the types of costs that are required to be allocated to inventories for tax purposes under the Uniform Capitalization Rules for Inventory under the Tax Reform Act of 1986 would be capitalizable under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and, if so, whether the costing method required for tax purposes is a preferable method for purposes of justifying a change in accounting principle. 30-10-55330-10-55-4 The fact that a cost is capitalizable for tax purposes does not, in itself, indicate that it is preferable, or even appropriate, to capitalize that cost for financial reporting purposes. Certain of the additional costs that are required to be capitalized for tax purposes may also be capitalizable for financial reporting purposes, depending on factors such as the nature of the entity's operatio n and industry practice. That determination, however, can only be made after an analysis of the individual facts and circumstances. gt;;gt; ;gt;;gt;;gt; Capitalizing Pension and Other Postretirement Cost Into Inventory Interest Cost Component 330-10-55330-10-55-5 A fundamental aspect of Sections 715-30-35 and 715-60-35 is to combine or aggregate the various pension and other postretirement cost components, including service cost, interest cost, expected return on plan assets, and amortization of all of the following items recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income: a. Net transition asset or obligation b. Prior service cost or credit c.Net gain or loss. 330-10-55330-10-55-6 In the aggregate, net periodic pension and other postretirement cost is viewed as an element of employee compensation. Therefore, when it is appropriate to capitalize employee compensation in connection with the construction or production of an asset, the net periodic pension and other postretirement co st applicable to the pertinent employees for the period (including interest cost), not individual components of that amount, is the relevant amount. ;gt;;gt;;gt; Net Periodic Pension Income 30-10-55330-10-55-7 If an entity's cost allocation process capitalizes net periodic pension cost as part of the cost of inventory or other assets, net periodic pension income also shall be capitalized, thereby reducing the total employee compensation and other costs being capitalized. > >> Illustrations Example 1: Disclosure of Significant Estimates 330-10-55330-10-55-8 This Example illustrates the guidance in paragraph 330-10-50-6 regarding the disclosure of significant estimates related to inventory. Entity A manufactures high technology stereo equipment.In June 19X7, one of Entity A's competitors introduced a new model stereo system with the same features as Entity A's Model A. The competitor's version sells for significantly less than Entity A's suggested retail price for Model A. Th e introduction of this product resulted in a sharp decrease in the sales volume of Model A. As of December 31, 19X7, Entity A has accumulated significant inventory quantities beyond its normal short-term needs of its Model A system. Inventory for Model A ($6 million) represents approximately 20 percent of Entity A's inventory at that date.The remaining 80 percent of Entity A's inventory consists of products experiencing only normal competitive pressures. Entity A has established provisions for obsolescence for this latter group of products in the normal course of business. 330-10-55330-10-55-9 Management has developed a program to provide substantial dealer incentives on purchases of the Model A, which it expects will result in the sale of this inventory in the near term. Because of the existing high profit margin on its stereo systems, Entity A would continue to earn a marginal profit on sales of the Model A under the new program.It is also reasonably possible, however, that the pr ogram will not be wholly successful, and, accordingly, a material loss could ultimately result on the disposal of the inventory. 330-10-55330-10-55-10 The entity would disclose the following. As of December 31, 19X7, some portion of $6 million of inventory of one of the entity's products is in excess of Entity A's current requirements based on the recent level of sales. Management has developed a program to reduce this inventory to desired levels over the near term and believes no loss will be incurred on its disposition.No estimate can be made of a range of amounts of loss that are reasonably possible should the program not be successful. 330-10-55330-10-55-11 This situation meets the criteria for disclosure under paragraph 275-10-50-8 because circumstances that existed at the date of the financial statements, including the decreasing sales volume and excessive quantities of inventory of Model A, make it at least reasonably possible that management's plan to liquidate its excess in ventory without a loss will be less than fully successful and that such an outcome would have a near-term material effect on the entity's financial statements. 30-10-55330-10-55-12 In this Example, Entity A discloses the existence of potentially excess quantities of inventory at the date of the financial statements and indicates that the uncertainty is expected to be resolved in the near term. The disclosure is intended to provide users with insight into management's assessment of recoverability of the cost of inventories existing at the date of the financial statements.Although disclosure of the $6 million carrying amount of the inventory of Model A is not required because, based on the facts presented, $6 million does not constitute a reasonable estimate of loss on the disposal of the inventory or the maximum amount in an estimated range of loss, disclosure of this amount is not misleading and may provide useful information. 330-10-55330-10-55-13 Discussion of Entity A's provision for obsolescence for the remaining 80 percent of its inventory is not required because it is not considered reasonably possible that additional aterial losses on this inventory will occur. 330-10-75 XBRL Elements Note: General Note This section contains a list of XBRL elements that reference paragraphs in this Subtopic. For additional details regarding changes to the development version of the US GAAP Financial Reporting Taxonomy, refer to the FASB taxonomy review and comment system on the FASB web site (www. fasb. org). Adjustments for Change in Accounting Principle [Domain]Element Name: ChangeInAccountingPrincipleMember This XBRL element references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in this Subtopic: Direct Effects of a Change in Accounting Principle This XBRL element references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in other Subtopic(s): Accounting Change Change in Accounting Principle Indirect Effects of a Change in Accounting Principle 250 Accounting Changes and Error Corrections > 10 Overall > 50 Disclosure > General, 50-1(b)(1)-(2) 250 Accounting Changes and Error Corrections > 10 Overall > 50 Disclosure > General, 50-2Adjustments for New Accounting Pronouncement [Member] Element Name: NewAccountingPronouncementMember This XBRL element references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in this Subtopic: Direct Effects of a Change in Accounting Principle This XBRL element references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in other Subtopic(s): Accounting Change Change in Accounting Principle Indirect Effects of a Change in Accounting Principle Inventory AdjustmentsElement Name: InventoryAdjustments This XBRL element references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in this Subtopic: 330 Inventory > 10 Overall > 50 Disclosure > General, 50-1 This XBRL element references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in other Subtopic(s): 210 Balance Sheet > 10 Overall > S99 SEC Materials > General, S99-1(SX 210. 5-02. 6(b)) Inventory Finished Goods , Policy [Policy Text Block] Element Name: InventoryFinishedGoodsPolicy This XBRL element references the ollowing paragraph(s)/term(s) in this Subtopic: Inventory 250 Accounting Changes and Error Corrections > 10 Overall > 50 Disclosure > General, 50-2 250 Accounting Changes and Error Corrections > 10 Overall > 50 Disclosure > General, 50-3 270 Interim Reporting > 10 Overall > 45 Other Presentation > General, 45-12 270 Interim Reporting > 10 Overall > 45 Other Presentation > General, 45-13 270 Interim Reporting > 10 Overall > S99 SEC Materials > General, S99-1(SX 210. 0-01. (b)(6)) Selling, General and Administrative Expense Element Name: SellingGeneralAndAdministrativeExpense This XBRL element references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in this Subtopic: 330 Inventory > 10 Overall > 30 Initial Measurement > General, 30-8 This XBRL element references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in other Subtopic(s): 225 Income Statement > 10 Overall > S99 SEC Materials > General, S99-2(SX 210. 5-03. 4) 2011-01Type of Change [Domain] (Deprecated 2011-01-31)Element Name: TypeOfChangeDomain This XBRL element references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in this Subtopic: Direct Effects of a Change in Accounting Principle This XBRL element references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in other Subtopic(s): Accounting Change Change in Accounting Principle Indirect Effects of a Change in Accounting Principle Retrospective Application 250 Accounting Changes and Error Corrections > 10 Overall > 50 Disclosure > General, 50-1(a) 250 Accounting Changes and Error Corrections > 10 Overall > 50 Disclosure > General, 50-2 250 Accounting Changes and Error Corrections > 10 Overall > 50 Disclosure > General, 50-3 250 Accounting Changes and Error Corrections > 10 Overall > S99 SEC Materials > General, S99-5(SAB TOPIC 11. M) 330-10-S00 Status Note: General Note The Status Section identifies changes to this Subtopic resulting from Accounting Standards Updates.The Section provides references to the affected Codification content and links to the related Accounting Standards Updates. Nonsubstantive changes for items such as editorial, link and similar corrections are included separately in Maintenance Updates. General 330-10-S00330-10-S00-1 Paragraph 330-10-S35-2 The following table identifies the changes made to this Subtopic. Action Amended Accounting Standards Update Accounting Standards Update No. 2009-07 Date 09/15/2009 330-10-S35 Subsequent Measurement Note: General Note The Subsequent Measurement Section provides guidance on an entity’s subsequent measurement and subsequent recognition of an item.Situations that may result in subsequent changes to carrying amount include impairment, fair value adjustments, depreciation and amortization, and so forth. General > Restoration of Previously Written-Down Inventory Value 330-10-S35330-10-S35-1 See paragraph 330- 10-S99-2, SAB Topic 5. BB, for SEC Staff views on restoration of inventory value following a previous write-down to lower of cost or market. > Classification of Inventory Markdowns and Other Costs Associated with a Restructuring 330-10-S35330-10-S35-2 See paragraph 420-10-S99-3, SEC Observer Comment: Classification of Inventory Markdowns and Other Costs Associated with Restructuring, for SEC Staff views on income statement classification of inventory markdowns associated with a restructuring. 330-10-S45 Other Presentation MattersNote: General Note The Other Presentation Matters Section provides guidance on other presentation matters not addressed in the Recognition, Initial Measurement, Subsequent Measurement, and Derecognition Sections. Other presentation matters may include items such as current or long-term balance sheet classification, cash flow presentation, earnings per share matters, and so forth. The FASB Codification also contains Presentation Topics, which provide guida nce for general presentation and display items. See those Topics for general guidance. General > Separate Presentation of Classes of Inventory 330-10-S45-1 See paragraph 210-10-S99-1, Regulation S-X Rule 5-02. 6, for requirements for inventory presentation 330- 10-S45on the balance sheet. 30-10-S50 Disclosure Note: General Note The Disclosure Section provides guidance regarding the disclosure in the notes to financial statements. In some cases, disclosure may relate to disclosure on the face of the financial statements. General > Inventory Disclosure Requirements See paragraph 210-10-S99-1, Regulation S-X Rules 5-02. 6(b) through (d), for inventory disclosure 330-10-S50330-10-S50-1 requirements. > LIFO Liquidations 330-10-S50330-10-S50-2 See paragraph 330-10-S99-3, SAB Topic 11. F, for SEC Staff views on disclosure of income realized as a result of a last-in, first-out (LIFO) liquidation. 330-10-S55 Implementation Guidance and IllustrationsNote: General Note The Implementat ion Guidance and Illustrations Section contains implementation guidance and illustrations that are an integral part of the Subtopic. The implementation guidance and illustrations do not address all possible variations. Users must consider carefully the actual facts and circumstances in relation to the requirements of the Subtopic. General > LIFO Inventory Practices 330-10-S55330-10-S55-1 See paragraph 330-10-S99-1, SAB Topic 5. L, for SEC Staff views on appropriate last-in, first-out (LIFO) accounting practices. 330-10-S75 XBRL Elements Note: General Note This section contains a list of XBRL elements that reference paragraphs in this Subtopic.For additional details regarding changes to the development version of the US GAAP Financial Reporting Taxonomy, refer to the FASB taxonomy review and comment system on the FASB web site (www. fasb. org). Effect of LIFO Inventory Liquidation on Income Element Name: EffectOfLIFOInventoryLiquidationOnIncome This XBRL element references the fol lowing paragraph(s)/term(s) in this Subtopic: 330 Inventory > 10 Overall > S50 Disclosure > General, S50-2 330 Inventory > 10 Overall > S99 SEC Materials > General, S99-3 330 Inventory > 10 Overall > S99 SEC Materials > General, S99-3(SAB TOPIC 11. F) Inventory, Raw Materials, Net of ReservesElement Name: InventoryRawMaterialsNetOfReserves This XBRL element references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in this Subtopic: 330 Inventory > 10 Overall > S99 SEC Materials > General, S99-2(SAB TOPIC 5. BB) This XBRL element references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in other Subtopic(s): 210 Balance Sheet > 10 Overall > S99 SEC Materials > General, S99-1(SX 210. 5-02. 6(a)(4)) Inventory, Supplies, Net of Reserves Element Name: InventorySuppliesNetOfReserves This XBRL element references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in this Subtopic: 330 Inventory > 10 Overall > S99 SEC Materials > General, S99-2(SAB TOPIC 5. BB) This XBRL elemen t references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in other Subtopic(s): 210 Balance Sheet > 10 Overall > S99 SEC Materials > General, S99-1(SX 210. 5-02. 6(a)(5))Inventory, Work in Process and Raw Materials, Net of Reserves Element Name: InventoryWorkInProcessAndRawMaterialsNetOfReserves This XBRL element references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in this Subtopic: 330 Inventory > 10 Overall > S99 SEC Materials > General, S99-2(SAB TOPIC 5. BB) This XBRL element references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in other Subtopic(s): 210 Balance Sheet > 10 Overall > S99 SEC Materials > General, S99-1(SX 210. 5-02. 6(a)(3),(4)) Inventory, Work in Process, Net of Reserves Element Name: InventoryWorkInProcessNetOfReserves This XBRL element references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in this Subtopic: 330 Inventory > 10 Overall > S99 SEC Materials > General, S99-2(SAB TOPIC 5.BB) This XBRL element references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in other S ubtopic(s): 210 Balance Sheet > 10 Overall > S99 SEC Materials > General, S99-1(SX 210. 5-02. 6(a)(3)) Other Inventory, Net of Reserves Element Name: OtherInventoryNetOfReserves This XBRL element references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in this Subtopic: 330 Inventory > 10 Overall > S99 SEC Materials > General, S99-2(SAB TOPIC 5. BB) This XBRL element references the following paragraph(s)/term(s) in other Subtopic(s): 210 Balance Sheet > 10 Overall > S99 SEC Materials > General, S99-1(SX 210. 5-02. 6) 330-10-S99 SEC Materials Note: General Note As more fully described in the Notice to Constituents, the Codification includes selected SEC and SEC Staff content for reference by ublic companies. The Codification does not replace or affect how the SEC or SEC Staff issues or updates SEC content. SEC Staff content does not constitute Commission-approved rules or interpretations of the SEC. General > >> >>> SEC Staff Guidance Staff Accountin g Bulletins SAB Topic 5. L, LIFO Inventory Practices The following is the text of SAB Topic 5. L, LIFO Inventory Practices. 330-10-S99330-10-S99-1 Facts: On November 30, 1984, AcSEC and its Task Force on LIFO Inventory Problems (task force) issued a paper, â€Å"Identification and Discussion of Certain Financial Accounting and Reporting Issues Concerning LIFO Inventories. This paper identifies and discusses certain financial accounting and reporting issues related to the last-in, first-out (LIFO) inventory method for which authoritative accounting literature presently provides no definitive guidance. For some issues, the task force's advisory conclusions recommend changes in current practice to narrow the diversity which the task force believes exists. For other issues, the task force's advisory conclusions recommend that current practice should be continued for financial reporting purposes and that additional accounting guidance is unnecessary. Except as otherwise noted in the pap er, AcSEC generally supports the task force's advisory conclusions.As stated in the issues paper, â€Å"Issues papers of the AICPA's accounting standards division are developed primarily to identify financial accounting and reporting issues the division believes need to be addressed or clarified by the Financial Accounting Standards Board. † On February 6, 1985, the FASB decided not to add to its agenda a narrow project on the subject of LIFO inventory practices. Question 1: What is the SEC staff's position on the issues paper? Interpretive Response: In the absence of existing authoritative literature on LIFO accounting, the staff believes that registrants and their independent accountants should look to the paper for guidance in determining what constitutes acceptable LIFO accounting practice. FN11 In this connection, the staff considers the paper to be an accumulation of existing cceptable LIFO accounting practices which does not establish any new standards and does not div erge from GAAP. FN11 In ASR 293 (July 2, 1981) see Financial Reporting Codification 205, the Commission expressed its concerns about the inappropriate use of Internal Revenue Service (IRS) LIFO practices for financial statement preparation. Because the IRS amended its regulations concerning the LIFO conformity rule on January 13, 1981, allowing companies to apply LIFO differently for financial reporting purposes than for tax purposes, the Commission strongly encouraged registrants and their independent accountants to examine their financial reporting LIFO practices.In that release, the Commission acknowledged the â€Å"task force which has been established by AcSEC to accumulate information about [LIFO] application problems† and noted that â€Å"This type of effort, in addition to self-examination [of LIFO practices] by individual registrants, is appropriate†¦ † The staff also believes that the advisory conclusions recommended in the issues paper are generally con sistent with conclusions previously expressed by the Commission, such as: 1. Pooling-paragraph 4-6 of the paper discusses LIFO inventory pooling and concludes â€Å"establishing separate pools with the principal objective of facilitating inventory liquidations is unacceptable. In Accounting and Auditing Enforcement Release 35, August 13, 1984, the Commission stated that it believes that the Company improperly realigned its LIFO pools in such a way as to maximize the likelihood and magnitude of LIFO liquidations and thus, overstated net income. 2. New Items-paragraph 4-27 of the paper discusses determination of the cost of new items and concludes â€Å"if the double extension or an index technique is used, the objective of LIFO is achieved by reconstructing the base year cost of new items added to existing pools. † In ASR 293, the Commission stated that when the effects of inflation on the cost of new products are measured by making a comparison with current cost as the base- year cost, rather than a reconstructed base-year cost, income is improperly increased.Question 2: If a registrant utilizes a LIFO practice other than one recommended by an advisory conclusion in the issues paper, must the registrant change its practice to one specified in the paper? Interpretive Response: Now that the issues paper is available, the staff believes that a registrant and its independent accountants should re-examine previously adopted LIFO practices and compare them to the recommendations in the paper. In the event that the registrant and its independent accountants conclude that the registrant's LIFO practices are preferable in the circumstances, they should be prepared to justify their position in the event that a question is raised by the staff.Question 3: If a registrant elects to change its LIFO practices to be consistent with the guidance in the issues paper and discloses such changes in accordance with APB Opinion 20 [Subtopic 250-10] will the registrant be requ ested by the staff to explain its past practices and its justification for those practices? Interpretive Response: The staff does not expect to routinely raise questions about changes in LIFO practices which are made to make a company's accounting consistent with the recommendations in the issues paper. >>> SAB Topic 5. BB, Inventory Valuation Allowance The following is the text of SAB Topic 5. BB, Inventory Valuation Allowance. 330-10-S99330-10-S99-2 Facts: ARB 43, Chapter 4, Statement 5 [paragraph 330-10-35-1], specifies that: â€Å"[a] departure from the cost basis of pricing the inventory is required when the utility of the goods is no longer as great as its cost.Where there is evidence that the utility of goods, in their disposal in the ordinary course of business, will be less than cost, whether due to physical obsolescence, changes in price levels, or other causes, the difference should be recognized as a loss of the current period. This is generally accomplished by stating such goods at a lower level commonly designated as market. † Footnote 2 to that same chapter indicates that â€Å"[i]n the case of goods which have been written down below cost at the close of a fiscal period, such reduced amount is to be considered the cost for subsequent accounting purposes. † Lastly, Opinion 20 provides â€Å"inventory obsolescence† as one of the items subject to estimation and changes in estimates under the guidance in paragraphs 10-11 and 31-33 of that Opinion. Question: Does the write-down of inventory to the lower of ost or market, as required by ARB 43 [Section 330-10-35], create a new cost basis for the inventory or may a subsequent change in facts and circumstances allow for restoration of inventory value, not to exceed original historical cost? Interpretive Response: Based on ARB 43, footnote 2, the staff believes that a write-down of inventory to the lower of cost or market at the close of a fiscal period creates a new cost b asis that subsequently cannot be marked up based on changes in underlying facts and circumstances. FN68 FN68 See also disclosure requirement for inventory balances in Rule 5-02(6) of Regulation S-X. >>> SAB Topic 11. F, LIFO LiquidationsThe following is the text of SAB Topic 11. F, LIFO Liquidations. 330-10-S99330-10-S99-3 Facts: Registrant on LIFO basis of accounting liquidates a substantial portion of its LIFO inventory and as a result includes a material amount of income in its income statement which would not have been recorded had the inventory liquidation not taken place. Question: Is disclosure required of the amount of income realized as a result of the inventory liquidation? Interpretive Response: Yes. Such disclosure would be required in order to make the financial statements not misleading. Disclosure may be made either in a footnote or parenthetically on the face of the income statement.